HDPE pipe | PE pipe | Greek private company (2023)

HDPE pipe | PE pipe | Greek private company (1)

HDPE pipes or PE pipes are a new generation of plastic pipes used for transporting clean water, irrigation water, sewage, gas, sludge, chemicals and other wastewater. HDPE pipes are made of high-density polyethylene, which makes them stronger than other piping systems. These pipes are unique because they do not need to be glued during connection, with very low maintenance and repair costs. PE pipes can withstand considerable pressure, making them the pipe of choice for fluid transfer. HDPE pipes for sale in Kenya are available fromGreek private company. Leveraging the benefits of polyethylene, Grekkon Limited works with HDPE pipe manufacturers in Kenya to produce the highest quality PE pipe for a wide range of applications.

Advantages of HDPE pipes compared to other piping systems

  • They are resistant to chemical corrosion. PE pipes do not corrode and do not support biological growth. Resistance to chemical corrosion makes them ideal for burial. Corrosion resistance makes them the best water pipes for the transport of highly corrosive acids and alkalis.
  • HDPE pipesthey are flexible and lightweight. Pipes can be bent relatively easily to radii of 30 m and more
  • The pipe is available in long lengths of 12 m, 50 m and 100 m compared to PVC and GI pipes which have a maximum length of 6 m. This reduces the number of connections. Custom lengths over 100m are also available for pipe diameters of 16mm, 25mm, 32mm and 40mm.
  • Less friction due to fewer connections.
  • They are resistant to wear due to good physical strength.
  • The best resistance to UV radiation compared to PVC, making it easier to expose them to the surface.
  • HDPE is smooth on the inside, so they have less friction loss. This reduces pump costs.
  • The connections have no leakage thanks to the techniques of butt welding and compression fittings used. Thermal fusion ensures that the joints are as strong as the pipe itself. The fusible joints are self-locking, so no pressure blocks are required.
  • Great strength.
  • Very efficient in hydraulic systems.
  • Low maintenance costs compared to other piping systems.
  • It is recyclable and environmentally friendly.

Disadvantages of HDPE pipes

  1. High thermal expansion. HDPE pipe breaks easily when exposed to extremely high temperatures. This can lead to pipe replacement
  2. Poor weather resistance.
  3. Flammable. The pipe is not fireproof and will burn out if necessary.

Application of HDPE piping systems.

Irrigation.

HDPE irrigation pipes are widely used in agriculture for irrigation. Practicing farmersdrip irrigationIabove ground sprinkler systemsthey find them easy to process compared to PVC and GI pipes. Due to the fewer connections, these are the preferred pipespump waterover long distances of rivers andreservoir dams. They also work in wellwater from the wellnet.

HDPE pipe | PE pipe | Greek private company (2)

Sanitary and drainage systems for clean water.

Think of pipes for clean water in shopping centers, schools, hospitals, universities, hospitals, warehouse complexes and office buildings.

Mining industry

Key applications include solution mining, heap leaching, process water, sludge treatment, water transfer, residue transfer, dust suppression, mine dewatering, shaft dewatering and pressure relief

(Video) HDPE Pipe Plant (SX-HD180)

Cables for electricity and telecommunications

Used for cable upgrades, railway work, low pressure HDPE pipe is installed in the ground, usually along roadsides or roads, under side roads and driveways, and serves as a conduit through which multiple cables can be upgraded quickly or easily.

HDPE pipe | PE pipe | Greek private company (3)

HDPE pipe for gas transport

PE pipes are ideal for gas transportation, provided that the working temperature is between -20 ℃ ~ 40 ℃ and the maximum long-term working pressure does not exceed 0.7 MPa. Grekkon Limited PE gas pipe is suitable for gas distribution networks for both domestic and industrial use.

HD qualityPE pipe for sewer and drainage pipes

Normal HDPE pipe or corrugated HDPE pipe is widely used for drainage purposes. HDPE single wall corrugated pipe is ideal for drainage projects where flexibility, light weight and low cost are important. PE corrugated pipe is a cost-effective, easy-to-install solution for stormwater drainage problems from apartments. These can include downspouts, foundation and window drains, driveway culverts, and wet spots on the lawn. They are available from 225 mm to 600 mm.

HDPE pipe | PE pipe | Greek private company (4)

HDPE pipe sizes

In Kenya, HDPE pipes are available in sizes from 16mm to 800mm with suitable gauges from PN6 to PN25. For the Kenyan market, Grekkon Limited offers HDPE pipes in standard lengths of 6m, 10m, 12m for larger diameter pipes and 50m and 100m for diameters from 25mm to 90mm. LongerHDPE water pipesover 100m are available in 16mm, 20mm, 25mm and 32mm but by special order for bulk orders.

(Video) HDPE Pipe manufacturer from MK Plastic Industries

Size mmSize in inchesAvailable pipe length (m)
16100 meter
201/2"100 meter
253/4"100 meter
321"100 meter
401,25”100 meter
501,5”100 meter
632"100 meter
752,5”100 meter
903”100 meter
1104”50m
1254,5”50m
1405”12 meter
1606”12 meter
1806,5”12 meter
2008”12 meter
2259”12 meter
25010"12 meter
28011"12 meter
31512"12 meter
35513”12 meter
40016”12 meter
45018"12 meter
50020”12 meter
56022”12 meter
63024”12 meter

How HDPE pipes are connected

Mechanically using HDPE fittings

HDPE water pipe fittings or PE compression fittings are often used to connect pe pipes up to 90 mm. HDPE water supply fittings are most popular due to less technical aspects associated with their use. containconnectors and elbows.

HDPE pipe | PE pipe | Greek private company (5)

leave electrofusion

During electrofusion welding, welding is performed using heating resistors in the fitting. After placing the tubes in the EF fittings, the ends of the welder are connected to the EF fitting resistors and heated. This is how the HDPE pipe is connected to the electrofusion fitting. Pe 100 pipes can be electro-welded with HDPE pipes with a diameter of 20 mm to 1200 mm.

stomp

The butt welding method is the most commonly used welding method to connect HDPE pipes and fittings. Here, the two ends of the tubes are heated and welded with a butt welding machine, and the two ends are pressed together under pressure at a certain temperature. The resulting joints are as strong as the pipe itself. HDPE pipes with a diameter of up to 1200 mm can be welded.

How to choose HDPE pipe

There are always several factors to consider before purchasing PE pipes, including the application, pressure requirements and color coding on them. Below you can read what to check.

(Video) PLASCO HDPE Pipe Factory - Optical Fiber | Cybernet Cable Pipe Making

PE pipe pressure gauge chart (for Kenyan market)

PE pipes are manufactured in different pressure classes (PN classes), which indicate the pressure in bar that the pipe can withstand in water at 20 degrees Celsius. Here are the different pressure classes according to international standards to check with your engineer or technician.

  • PN 6 = max. pressure 6 bar
  • PN 8 = max. pressure 8 bar
  • PN 10 = max. pressure 10 bar
  • PN 12.5 = max. pressure 12.5 bar
  • PN 16 = max. pressure 16 bar
  • PN20 = max. pressure 20 bar
  • PN25 = maximum pressure 25 bar

1 bar = 105 Pa (N/m2) = 0,1 N/mm2 = 10,197 kp/m2 = 10,20 m H2O = 0,9869 atm = 14,50 psi (lbf/in2) = 106dyn/cm2 = 750 mmHg

Due to the wide pressure range, all types of pumps usually work well with these water pipes. The best examples areElectric booster pumps,electric submersible pumps, low andhigh pressure dieselIpump gasoline.Solar powered water pumpsthey also work well with PE pipes.

PE pipe color codes

The table below lists the color codes used to indicate the different pressure classes of HDPE pipes

(Video) Khet Sichne Wala Pipe | HDPE Pipe Price and Company 2022 | Delivery/Rain Pipe

By colorLine pressure class
YellowPN4
RoodPN6
BluePN10
VegetablesPN16

HDPE buiskleurstrepencoding and what they mean

PE pipe is available in many different color options and each color follows the HDPE pipe color code. The purpose of the different colored stripes on the HDPE pipe is to identify the liquid or gas in the pipe. The list of PE pipe colors below can help you determine which pipe you need.

HDPE pipe | PE pipe | Greek private company (6)

How to install HDPE pipes

  1. Digging trenches. Dig trenches as directed by engineers. The slots should be as flat as possible to prevent damage to the pipes. Avoid sharp turns and winding ditches.
  2. Pipe location. For rolls of 50 m and 100 m, the pipe is carefully unrolled before installation. For pipes of 6 m and 12 m, for pipes with a diameter larger than 110 mm, the pipes are first joined by butt welding. After the connection is completed, they are placed in the grooves. Assembly can be manual, manual or machine. Pipe bending is common during installation. To restore the pipes to their original shape, pour hot water or step on the kink on a sunny day.
  3. Fill and compact. This is to protect the pipe from external damage. Remove hard objects that can also damage pipes when backfilling.
HDPE pipe | PE pipe | Greek private company (7)
HDPE pipe | PE pipe | Greek private company (8)

Durability of HDPE pipes

The expected life of HDPE pipes is 50 to 100 years. This depends on the strength and level of the UV treatment.

Manufacturer of HDPEEng.

Grekkon works closely with HDPE pipe manufacturers in Kenya and abroad to provide the best PE pipes to its customers. Our HDPE pipes are ISO certified.

HDPE pipe prices in Kenya

Size mmSize in inchesPN6PN8PN10PN12,5PN16PN20PN25
16mm1717
20mm1/2"33333334374351
25mm3/4"393939485410477
32 mm1"5151627389105125
40mm1,25”647994116137163195
50mm1,5”99119145176214252300
63mm2"158185231280337406473
75mm2,5”215265326397472568674
90mm3”312379468568683821968
110mm4”459569696842101312171450
125mm4,5”5917288881086131515741865
140mm5”74591111161359163819742344
160mm6”977119514551774214625713050
180mm6,5”1218150218402251271932513854
200mm8”1509186122712761335240214768
225mm9”1897225528823506424350906029
250mm10"2344287735314320521862567441
280mm11"2932363244365413654278629331
315mm12"37354564561768598282994411812
355mm13”4720579671508698105131263314 977
400mm16”59867391903511029133461602519020
450mm18"756893461144713 970169012028824062
500mm20”93351153014145172392085424 999
560mm22”117021443217719216282612531365
630mm24”148271823022442273373310139690

Where To Buy HDPE Pipe In Kenya

Kenya's best quality and affordable PE pipes are available from all Grekkon Limited branches. Call 0711895635 to place your order. Our engineers and technicians are ready to assist you with selection and installation!

(Video) Kothari Agritech Pvt Ltd Documentary - Hindi

HDPE pipe | PE pipe | Greek private company (9)

FAQs

What is the standard code for HDPE pipe? ›

ASTM standard F2160 covers the standard specs for HDPE conduit. HDPE conduit that meets this standard shall be made as OD controlled solid wall and sized in IPS. Specifications include material, dimensional, workmanship and performance requirements for PE conduit, duct and interduct used in non-pressure applications.

Which is the is code for HDPE pipes for water supply? ›

HDPE PIPES AS PER IS 4984 | Chaika Polymers Pvt.

What companies make HDPE? ›

High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) Suppliers
  • Catalog. New Process Fibre Company, Inc.
  • Industrial Plastic Supply, Inc.
  • Trident Plastics, Inc.
  • Applied Plastics Co., Inc.
  • Griff Paper & Film.
  • E & T Plastics Mfg. Co., Inc.
  • CS Hyde Company.
  • Grafix Plastics.

Who manufactures HDPE pipe? ›

WL Plastics is the premiere North American manufacturer of high performance, high density polyethylene pipe for the energy, industrial, and municipal water markets. Used since the 1970s, HDPE pipe is the fastest growing material used for transporting drinking water due to its tough, resilient properties.

How long does HDPE last? ›

The typical benchmark for HDPE life expectancy is 50 years; however, per the Plastics Pipe Institute, HDPE pipe used in municipal potable water systems can have a lifespan of over 100 years.

What is the minimum coverage for HDPE pipe? ›

Properly installed HDPE corrugated pipe can withstand AASHTO HS-25 loads with a minimum 1 ft (0.3 m) of cover for pipe up to 48-in diameter (1200 mm), or 2 ft (0.6 m) of cover for larger pipe diameters.

What are the classes of HDPE pipe? ›

Typically the standard specification identify class of a HDPE pipe is by the nominal pressure class - PN - up to PN 20 or 20 bar. HDPE pipe can also be classified by the material used - PE 100, PE 80, PE63, PE 40 or PE 32.

What does PE 100 mean in HDPE pipe? ›

PE100 is a version of HDPE and stands for Poly Ethylene with an Minimum Required Strength (MRS) of 100 at 50 years and 20º according to ISO4427.

Are there different grades of HDPE? ›

Normally available in two grades. 300 grade and 500 grade. the higher number denotes the density of the material and can improve on performance. The majority of HDPE is available in either black or white although 500 grade sheet is available in a range of colors.

What is the maximum pressure for HDPE pipe? ›

The safe peak pressure or allowed total pressure for HDPE pipe is 1.5 times the pipe's pressure rating for recurring surge and 2.0 times the pipe's pressure rating for occasional surge.

What are the failures of HDPE water pipe? ›

Some of the most common ways for HDPE pipes to break are ductile overload, non-ductile or pinhole cracks, and oxidative degradation [52] ; for example, leaks at CI pipe sleeve connections; HDPE tee cracks, connector cracks, and pipe cracks; PVC pipe cracks, pipe corrosion, and tee leaks [49].

Can HDPE pipe be used for water supply? ›

HDPE pipe is well-suited for potable water supply applications. Beneficial properties of HDPE piping systems include: Leak-free Fused Joints. Fused joints eliminate potential leak points and reduce installation time.

Why is HDPE expensive? ›

HDPE as a petrochemical derivative

One of the main factors that influences the HDPE market is the price of the raw material ethylene. Ethylene is a petrochemical product that is significantly affected by global oil prices and supply and demand dynamics.

What is cheaper than HDPE? ›

Cost: PVC pipe is generally less expensive than HDPE pipe, which can make it an attractive option for applications with tighter budgets. Rigidity: PVC pipe is more rigid than HDPE pipe, which makes it a good choice for applications that require high stiffness, such as water mains or sewer lines.

What is the trade name for HDPE? ›

HDPE is available under trade names of HiTec, Playboard, King Colorboard, Paxon, Densetec, King PlastiBal, Polystone, and Plexar.

Who is the world's largest plastic pipe manufacturer? ›

Diamond Plastics Corporation is the producer of the world's largest PVC pipe through seven strategically located plants throughout the USA.

Is PEX made from HDPE? ›

PEX pipe is made from high density polyethylene (HDPE), PEX is the term for the cross-linking process that improves the chemical and temperature performance of the polymer and provides flexibility and additional strength.

Is PE pipe the same as HDPE? ›

HDPE is a type of PE pipe. However, HDPE pipes are more durable than other PE pipes because they come with high melting and impact points. HDPE pipe is tough, resistant to chemicals, resistant to corrosion, and light in weight.

What is the disadvantage of HDPE? ›

The Cons of Utilizing HDPE:

It is high flammability, sensitivity to stress cracking, inability to be biodegradable, inability to be composted, lack of resistance to oxidizing acids, lack of resistance to chlorinated hydrocarbons, and its high thermal expansion.

Does HDPE crack easily? ›

Due to its high density, HDPE is a crystalline material and when a high tensile stress is applied the material will stretch and yield before ductile failure, but at low tensile stress, the material will fail suddenly with a smooth break typical of brittle failure. This is known as environmental stress cracking.

At what temperature does HDPE degrade? ›

Aigbodion et al. [56] conducted an analysis of HDPE pellets thermal stability and, similarly to the results obtained in this research, concluded that the main thermal decomposition of HDPE occurs at 487.5 • C when temperature is elevated at 20 • C/min rate in N 2 atmosphere.

What is the minimum bury depth for HDPE? ›

In lieu of calculations, AWWA states that for an embedment soil with an E'of 1000 psi and no surface water, HDPE pipes with DR's ranging from 7.3 to 21 can be safely buried from a depth of 2 ft to 25 ft where no traffic load is present and from 3 ft to 25 ft where H20 live load is present.

Can HDPE pipe be installed above ground? ›

HDPE material may be used for above ground pipeline installations if it is protected from UV (ultraviolet) and if it meets the hydrostatic pressure requirements of the design.

What is the cost of HDPE pipe 2 inch? ›

The avg. market price of 2 Inch Hdpe Pipes in India is Rs 20/ Meter.

How do you fix a damaged HDPE pipe? ›

HDPE Pipe Repair Steps:
  1. Rough the HDPE around the problem area with sandpaper.
  2. Drill a hole at each end of the crack so that internal pressure will not cause the crack to expand.
  3. Clean with any cleaner that will not leave a residue. ...
  4. Spray the Activator/Accelerator (AA) on the prepped area.

What is the maximum temperature for HDPE pipe? ›

A significant limitation for polyethylene pipe in these applications is its temperature capability. Typically, polyethylene pipe can be safely used at temperatures up to 60°C (140°F). Projects that involve higher temperatures have historically required alternative materials.

Which is better PVC or HDPE? ›

Although PVC and HDPE are both common piping materials, HDPE is the superior option for most piping applications. Industries that rely on HDPE pipes include energy, natural gas distribution, mining, municipal, and communications.

Which is better HDPE 100 or 80? ›

PE100 has advantages over PE80 at low temperatures since it is extremely crack resistant down to -30°C. MDPE pipe is only made from PE80 material and HPPE pipe is only made from PE100 material. HDPE pipe can be made from either PE80 or PE100.

What is the difference between PE 80 and PE 100? ›

PE100 also has a higher strain hardening modulus than PE80, suggesting that the former is better in the resistance to deformation. In addition, viscous stress and quasi-static stress of PE100 are higher than those of PE80. However, PE80 has a better resistance to relaxation.

What is minimum required strength? ›

Raw materials used in the polyethylene pipe and fitting productions are classified with MRS (Minimum Required Strength) according to mechanic resistance criteria. MRS is the resistance value of material against inner pressure at 20 °C for 50 years.

What is stronger than HDPE? ›

UHMW (Ultra High Molecular Weight) polyethylene plastic has one of the highest impact strengths of any thermoplastic and has excellent abrasion resistance and tensile strength. UHMW has the highest impact strength of all the polyethylenes and the material will outwear carbon steel 10 to 1 in some applications.

How many types of HDPE are there? ›

HDPE pipe sizes also vary in thickness, diameter, and length. The common types are HDPE 80 and HDPE 100. HDPE 80 pipes transport gas raw materials, while HDPE 100 transfers liquid items like oil and water. HDPE 100 pipes come with a higher density for robustness and thinner, rigid walls that offer operation stability.

What is a better material than HDPE? ›

LDPE is softer and more flexible than HDPE. It also has a lower melting point (115° C) and is more transparent.

Do you need thrust blocks for HDPE pipe? ›

HDPE pipe fused joints are self restraining and costly thrust restraints or thrust blocks are not required.

Does HDPE dissolve in water? ›

HDPE is insoluble in water and most organic solvents, although some swelling may occur on immersion in the latter. HDPE is an excellent electrical insulator. LDPE is a soft translucent solid which deforms badly above 75º C. Films made from LDPE stretch easily and are commonly used for wrapping.

Does chlorine affect HDPE pipe? ›

From this chart it can be seen that HDPE has excellent resistance to chlorinated water at 20 degrees and conditional or limited resistance at 60 degrees. HDPE is not used in highly chlorinated environments such as swimming pools and there are specific guidance for chlorinated water up to 3500 ppm.

Is HDPE pipe hazardous? ›

High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) is a non-hazardous material and it's over exposure by short term or long term inhalation does not cause any harmful health effect.

Which pipe is best for water supply? ›

Copper pipes remain popular among plumbers and homeowners alike because they are corrosion-resistant and best suited to protect the quality of the water. Copper pipes are able to handle high water pressure and are tolerant of both hot and cold water temperatures.

Is HDPE container safe for drinking water? ›

HDPE has a higher density as opposed to the previous one. It is used for milk jugs, household cleaner containers, juice bottles, shampoo bottles, cereal box liners, and more. Similarly, to what was mentioned earlier, this plastic is considered safe to use and be in contact with food and beverages.

Can you connect PVC to HDPE pipe? ›

The PVC and HDPE materials are joined together by hydraulically pressing the HDPE pipe into the PVC coupling. The PVC coupling portion of the transition fitting is machined with our multi-level barb system that provides a leak-free radial compressed joint.

What is the biggest pipe company? ›

List of Top Companies Operating in the Steel Tubes Industry:
  • JFE Steel Corporation. ...
  • ArcelorMittal S.A. ...
  • Jindal SAW Ltd. ...
  • China Baowu Steel Group Corp., Ltd. Establishment: ...
  • Gerdau. Establishment: ...
  • Nippon & Sumitomo Stainless Steel Metal Corporation (NSSMC) Establishment: ...
  • POSCO. Establishment: ...
  • Nucor Corporation. Establishment:

What are the different grades of HDPE pipe? ›

Typically the standard specification identify class of a HDPE pipe is by the nominal pressure class - PN - up to PN 20 or 20 bar. HDPE pipe can also be classified by the material used - PE 100, PE 80, PE63, PE 40 or PE 32.

What type of pipe is the most expensive? ›

Because it is so rigid, plumbers cannot use copper piping in tight spaces. It is also the most expensive type of plumbing pipe. As the price of copper continues to rise, so will the costs of any project involving copper pipe.

What is the most reliable pipe? ›

Copper. Copper pipes are probably the most traditional plumbing pipe used due to their extensive duration and reliability. They provide superior corrosion resistance, great material to be used for hot and cold water, and it can be managed easily.

What is the strongest plastic pipe? ›

HDPE/N 12 Corrugated Dual Wall Pipe – Strongest

It can be used in multiple applications but more commonly where a high strength rating is required.

What is the oldest pipe company? ›

The Missouri Meerschaum Company is a tobacco smoking pipe manufacturer located in Washington, Missouri. It is the world's oldest and largest manufacturer of corncob pipes.

Who is the largest PVC manufacturer in USA? ›

JM Eagle™: World's Largest Plastic and PVC Pipe Manufacturer.

What is the most widely used plastic pipe? ›

Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) pipes are the most commonly used plastic piping material. The PVC pipes are manufactured in various dimensions and sizes. They are extensively used in sewer systems, irrigation, water service lines, drain waste vents, and various industries.

Who are pipe company competitors? ›

See how Pipe compares to similar products. Pipe's top competitors include Lighter Capital, Clearco, and Viceversa. Lighter Capital is a fintech company focused on the business of startup finance.

What is the strongest water pipe? ›

Black Pipe

Black pipes are strong and durable. They are also known as black steel pipes, black iron pipes or black malleable pipes. Used to transport natural and propane gas from the street or a tank to the home. Good for fire sprinkler systems because of heat resistance.

What is the oldest water pipe in the world? ›

Ancient Roman Aqueducts

The Cloaca Maxima is the oldest plumbing system that's still in use today, and amazingly some of the original masonry work is still holding together!

What is the maximum depth of HDPE pipe? ›

In lieu of calculations, AWWA states that for an embedment soil with an E'of 1000 psi and no surface water, HDPE pipes with DR's ranging from 7.3 to 21 can be safely buried from a depth of 2 ft to 25 ft where no traffic load is present and from 3 ft to 25 ft where H20 live load is present.

Which is stronger HDPE or PVC? ›

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) has a higher tensile strength than HDPE pipe, but stronger does not always mean tougher. While PVC's tensile strength is higher than HDPE pipe, it is also a much more brittle product that is susceptible to fatigue cracking and failures.

Videos

1. HDPE PIPE price and rwby company full review Hindi
(Indian best electricals)
2. IDOL PLASTO PVT. LTD. CORPORATE VIDEO
(IDOL PIPES)
3. WIDING OF BLACK HDPE PIPES AND PIPE PRICE
(Ramdut Plastic)
4. Godavari Polymers | Best Quality Pipes in India | HDPE Pipe manufacturing | Hybiz tv
(HYBIZTV HD)
5. Gupta Polytubes Presentation | Company Presentation | plastic pipe manufacturer | MSME Presentation
(GR8DESIGNS)
6. HDPE Pipe Joint - Full Process
(Sachin Sampat)

References

Top Articles
Latest Posts
Article information

Author: Arline Emard IV

Last Updated: 09/13/2023

Views: 5710

Rating: 4.1 / 5 (72 voted)

Reviews: 87% of readers found this page helpful

Author information

Name: Arline Emard IV

Birthday: 1996-07-10

Address: 8912 Hintz Shore, West Louie, AZ 69363-0747

Phone: +13454700762376

Job: Administration Technician

Hobby: Paintball, Horseback riding, Cycling, Running, Macrame, Playing musical instruments, Soapmaking

Introduction: My name is Arline Emard IV, I am a cheerful, gorgeous, colorful, joyous, excited, super, inquisitive person who loves writing and wants to share my knowledge and understanding with you.